On the Social Scene to Each His Own Kind of Art Janet and Vern Wyman
| The Glass Menagerie | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Written by | Tennessee Williams |
| Characters | Amanda Wingfield Tom Wingfield Laura Wingfield Jim O'Connor Mr. Wingfield |
| Engagement premiered | 1944 |
| Place premiered | Chicago |
| Original language | English |
| Genre | Retentivity play |
| Setting | A St. Louis apartment, late 1930s |
The Glass Menagerie [1] is a retentiveness play past Tennessee Williams that premiered in 1944 and catapulted Williams from obscurity to fame. The play has strong autobiographical elements, featuring characters based on its author, his histrionic female parent, and his mentally fragile sister. In writing the play, Williams drew on an earlier short story, as well every bit a screenplay he had written under the title of The Gentleman Caller.
The play premiered in Chicago in 1944. After a shaky start, it was championed past Chicago critics Ashton Stevens and Claudia Cassidy, whose enthusiasm helped build audiences and then the producers could move the play to Broadway where information technology won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award in 1945. The Glass Menagerie was Williams' first successful play; he went on to get one of America's nigh highly regarded playwrights.
Characters [edit]
- Amanda Wingfield
- A faded Southern belle who grew upward in Bluish Mountain, Mississippi, abandoned by her hubby, and who is trying to raise her two children under harsh financial conditions. Amanda yearns for the comforts of her youth and also longs for her children to have the same comforts, only her devotion to them has made her – as she admits at one point – almost "hateful" towards them.
- Tom Wingfield
- Amanda'south son. Tom works at a shoe warehouse to support his family but is frustrated by his job and aspires to be a poet. He struggles to write, all the while existence sleep-deprived and irritable. Yet, he escapes from reality through nightly excursions to the movies. Tom feels both obligated toward yet burdened by his family and longs to escape.
- Laura Wingfield
- Amanda's daughter and Tom's elderberry sis. A childhood illness has left her with a limp, and she has a mental fragility and an inferiority circuitous that has isolated her from the outside world. She has created a world of her own symbolized past her collection of drinking glass figurines. The unicorn may represent Laura because information technology is unique and fragile.
- Jim O'Connor
- An old high school acquaintance of Tom and Laura. Jim was a popular athlete and actor during his days at Soldan Loftier School. Subsequent years have been less kind to Jim; past the time of the play's activeness, he is working as a shipping clerk at the same shoe warehouse as Tom. His promise to shine again is conveyed past his study of public speaking, radio applied science, and ideas of self-improvement that announced related to those of Dale Carnegie.
- Mr. Wingfield
- Amanda's absent husband, and Laura'southward and Tom'south begetter. Mr. Wingfield was a handsome man, full of charm, who worked for a telephone company and somewhen "fell in love with long-distance," abandoning his family sixteen years before the play's action. Although he does non appear onstage, Mr. Wingfield is frequently referred to by Amanda, and his flick is prominently displayed in the Wingfields' living room. This unseen character appears to incorporate elements of Williams' father.
Synopsis [edit]
"Aye, I have tricks in my pocket, I accept things upwardly my sleeve. Only I am the opposite of a stage magician. He gives yous an illusion that has the appearance of truth. I give you truth in the pleasant disguise of illusion."
The first of Tom's opening soliloquy.
The play is introduced to the audience by Tom, the narrator and protagonist, equally a memory play based on his recollection of his female parent Amanda and his sister Laura. Considering the play is based on memory, Tom cautions the audition that what they see may not be precisely what happened.
Amanda Wingfield, a faded Southern belle of middle age, shares a dingy St. Louis apartment with her son Tom, in his early 20s, and his slightly older sis, Laura. Although she is a survivor and a pragmatist, Amanda yearns for the comforts and admiration she remembers from her days as a fêted debutante. She worries especially nigh the future of her daughter Laura, a immature adult female with a limp (an after-consequence of a bout of pleurosis) and a tremulous insecurity about the outside world. Tom works in a shoe warehouse doing his best to support the family. He chafes under the banality and boredom of everyday life and struggles to write while spending much of his spare fourth dimension going to the movies — or and so he says — at all hours of the night.
Amanda is obsessed with finding a suitor (or, every bit she puts information technology, a "gentleman caller") for Laura, her daughter, whose crippling shyness has led her to driblet out of both high school and a subsequent secretarial class, and who spends much of her time polishing and arranging her collection of trivial drinking glass animals. Pressured by his mother to help detect a caller for Laura, Tom invites Jim, an acquaintance from work, home for dinner.
The delighted Amanda spruces up the apartment, prepares a special dinner, and converses coquettishly with Jim, almost reliving her youth when she had an abundance of suitors calling on her. Laura discovers that Jim is the boy she was attracted to in loftier school and has often thought of since, though the human relationship between the shy Laura and the "virtually likely to succeed" Jim was never more than than a distant, teasing acquaintanceship. Initially, Laura is so overcome by shyness that she is unable to join the others at dinner, and she claims to exist ill. Afterwards dinner, nonetheless, Jim and Laura are left alone by candlelight in the living room, waiting for the electricity to be restored. (Tom has not paid the power bill, which hints to the audience that he is banking the nib money and preparing to leave the household.) As the evening progresses, Jim recognizes Laura's feelings of inferiority and encourages her to remember meliorate of herself. He and Laura share a quiet dance, in which he accidentally brushes against her glass menagerie, knocking a glass unicorn to the flooring and breaking off its horn. Jim then compliments Laura and kisses her. After Jim tells Laura that he is engaged to be married, Laura asks him to accept the broken unicorn as a gift and he then leaves. When Amanda learns that Jim is to be married, she turns her anger upon Tom and cruelly lashes out at him, although Tom did non know that Jim was engaged. Tom seems quite surprised by this, and it is possible that Jim was simply making upwards the story of the engagement as he felt that the family unit was trying to prepare him upwards with Laura, and he had no romantic involvement in her.
The play concludes with Tom saying that he left home before long subsequently and never returned. He and then bids adieu to his female parent and sister and asks Laura to accident out the candles.
Original Broadway cast [edit]
The Glass Menagerie opened on Broadway in the Playhouse Theatre on March 31, 1945, and played there until June 29, 1946. It so moved to the Royale Theatre from July i, 1946, until its closing on Baronial iii, 1946. The show was directed by Eddie Dowling and Margo Jones. The cast for opening night was equally follows:
- Eddie Dowling as Tom Wingfield
- Laurette Taylor equally Amanda Wingfield
- Julie Haydon as Laura Wingfield
- Anthony Ross as Jim O'Connor
Laurette Taylor's performance equally Amanda fix a standard against which subsequent actresses taking the function were to be judged, typically to their disadvantage. In the 2004 documentary Broadway: The Gold Age, by the Legends Who Were There, Broadway veterans rank Taylor'southward performance as the almost memorable of their lives.
The play won the New York Drama Critics' Circumvolve Award every bit Best American Play.[ii] Williams gave credit to two Chicago critics, Claudia Cassidy and Ashton Stevens, for "giving him a 'kickoff...in a fashion'..." Cassidy wrote that the play had "the stamina of success ..." Stevens wrote that the play had "the backbone of true poetry ..."[iii]
Autobiographical elements [edit]
The characters and story mimic Williams' ain life more closely than any of his other works: Williams (whose real name was Thomas) closely resembles Tom, and his female parent inspiring Amanda. His sickly and mentally unstable older sis Rose provides the basis for the fragile Laura (whose nickname in the play is "Blue Roses", a result of a tour of pleurosis as a high schoolhouse educatee), though it has also been suggested that Laura may incorporate aspects of Williams himself, referencing his introverted nature and obsessive focus on just one aspect of life (writing for Williams and glass animals in Laura'southward case).[4] Williams, who was close to Rose growing upward, learned to his horror that in 1943 in his absence his sister had been subjected to a botched lobotomy. Rose was left incapacitated (and institutionalized) for the remainder of her life. With the success of The Glass Menagerie, Williams was to give half of the royalties from the play to his female parent. He afterwards designated half of the royalties from his play Summertime and Fume to provide for Rose's care, arranging for her move from the state infirmary to a private sanitarium. Eventually, he was to leave the bulk of his estate to ensure Rose'south continuing care.[5] Rose died in 1996.
Evolution [edit]
The play was reworked from one of Williams' short stories "Portrait of a Girl in Glass" (1943; published 1948).[6] The story is as well written from narrator Tom Wingfield, and many of his soliloquies from The Drinking glass Menagerie seem lifted straight from this original. Certain elements have been omitted from the play, including the reasons for Laura'due south fascination with Jim'south freckles (linked to a book that she loved and frequently reread, Freckles by Gene Stratton-Porter). Generally, the story contains the same plot as the play, with certain sections given more accent, and character details edited (for example, in the story, Jim nicknames Tom "Slim", instead of "Shakespeare"[6]). Another basis for the play is a screenplay Williams wrote nether the title of The Gentleman Caller. Williams had been briefly contracted as a writer to MGM, and he apparently envisioned Ethel Barrymore and Judy Garland for the roles that somewhen became Amanda and Laura, although when the play was eventually filmed in 1950, Gertrude Lawrence was cast equally Amanda and Jane Wyman as Laura.
In 1944, afterwards several reworkings, while touring on the road, the play arrived at the Civic Theatre in Chicago. The producers wanted more changes and were heavily pressuring Williams for a happy ending. The play had not found an audience and production was existence considered for closing subsequently the opening nighttime in Chicago. Then the reviews by critics Ashton Stevens in The Chicago Herald-American and Claudia Cassidy in the Chicago Tribune came out. They praised the production, particularly the writing and the performance past Laurette Taylor, with Cassidy writing about it several times. These reviews drove Chicago audiences to the Borough Theater and the play became a striking, propelling information technology to Broadway the next year.[7]
Adaptations [edit]
Film [edit]
2 Hollywood motion-picture show versions of The Glass Menagerie have been produced.
The get-go, was released in 1950 and directed by Irving Rapper, stars Gertrude Lawrence (Amanda), Jane Wyman (Laura), Arthur Kennedy (Tom) and Kirk Douglas (Jim).[viii] Williams characterized this version, which had an unsaid happy ending grafted onto it in the style of American films from that era, equally the worst adaptation of his work. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote, "As much as nosotros hate to say so, Miss Lawrence'due south performance does non compare with the tender and radiant creation of the late Laurette Taylor on the stage."[9] The film has never been released on home media.
In 1987, a second accommodation was released, directed past Paul Newman and starring Joanne Woodward (Amanda), Karen Allen (Laura), John Malkovich (Tom) and James Naughton (Jim). If anything, this was even less well-received than the earlier film and sank without much attending. However, The New York Times reviewer noted it "starts stiffly and gets better every bit it goes forth, with the dinner-party sequence its biggest success; in this highly charged situation, Miss Woodward's Amanda indeed seems to bloom. Simply tranquillity reverence is its prevailing tone, and in the terminate, that seems thoroughly at odds with anything Williams ever intended."[10] Similar to the earlier incarnation, it has even so to receive a physical media release.
In 2004, an Indian accommodation of the play, filmed in the Malayalam language, was released, titled Akale (At a Distance). Directed by Shyamaprasad, the story is set in the southern Indian country of Kerala in the 1970s, in an Anglo-Indian/Latin Catholic household. The characters were renamed to fit context (the surname Wingfield was inverse to D'Costa, reflecting the function-Portuguese heritage of the family — probably on the absent father'south side, since the mother is Anglo-Indian), but the story remains essentially the same. It stars Prithviraj Sukumaran as Neil D'Costa (Tom Wingfield), Geethu Mohandas as Rosemary D'Costa (Laura Wingfield), Sheela every bit Margaret D'Costa (Amanda Wingfield) and Tom George Kolath equally Freddy Evans (Jim O'Connor). Sheela won the National Film Honor for All-time Supporting Actress, and Geethu Mohandas won the Kerala Country Film Award for the best actress.
The 2011 Iranian film Here Without Me is too an adaptation of the play, in a contemporary Iranian setting.[11]
Radio [edit]
The kickoff radio adaptation was performed on Theatre Guild on the Air in 1951 starring Helen Hayes as Amanda with Montgomery Clift as Tom,[12] Kathryn Baird as Laura and Karl Malden as Jim.
A 1953 adaptation appeared on the radio series Best Plays starring Evelyn Varden as Amanda and Geraldine Page every bit Laura. Jane Wyman recreated her film portrayal of Laura for a 1954 adaptation on Lux Radio Theatre with Fay Bainter every bit Amanda and Frank Lovejoy equally Tom and Tom Brownish as Jim. The 1953 version is not known to survive simply recordings of the other two are in circulation.
In 1964, Caedmon Records produced an LP version as the initial issue of its theatre series. The production starred Jessica Tandy every bit Amanda, Montgomery Clift every bit Tom, Julie Harris as Laura and David Wayne as the gentleman caller. The recording is now available in the form of an audio app.
In 2020, BBC Radio 3 adjusted the play with Anastasia Hille as Amanda, George MacKay every bit Tom, Patsy Ferran as Laura, Sope Dirisu as Jim. This version is bachelor on the BBC iPlayer
Idiot box [edit]
The first telly version, recorded on videotape and starring Shirley Booth, was broadcast on December 8, 1966, as part of CBS Playhouse. Barbara Loden played Laura, Hal Holbrook played Tom and Pat Hingle played the Gentleman Caller.[13] Booth was nominated for an Emmy for her performance every bit Amanda. The videotape, long thought to be lost, was reconstructed from unedited takes constitute in the archives of the University of Southern California and an audio recording of the original telecast. On Dec viii, 2016 — 50 years to the day afterward the original telecast — a re-assembled version of the play was shown on TCM.[xiv]
A second television adaptation was broadcast on ABC on Dec sixteen, 1973, starring Katharine Hepburn as Amanda, Sam Waterston as Tom, Joanna Miles as Laura and Michael Moriarty as Jim. Information technology was directed by Anthony Harvey. (Tom'southward initial soliloquy is cutting from this version; information technology opens with him walking alone in an aisle, sitting on a rampart to read the newspaper and having his sister's and mother'southward voices conjure up the first domestic scene.) All iv actors were nominated for Emmy Awards, with Moriarty and Miles winning.
Later stage productions [edit]
The Glass Menagerie has had several Broadway revivals. Maureen Stapleton, Anne Pitoniak, Jessica Tandy, Julie Harris, Jessica Lange, Judith Ivey, Harriet Harris,[15] Cherry Jones, Emerge Field and Amy Adams have all portrayed Amanda Wingfield.
- The play had its London premiere at Theatre Regal Haymarket beginning July 28, 1948 in a production directed by John Gielgud.[16]
- Helen Hayes as Amanda Wingfield
- Frances Heflin as Laura Wingfield
- Phil Brown equally Tom Wingfield
- Hugh McDermott every bit Jim O'Connor
- May 4 to Oct two, 1965, at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre
- Maureen Stapleton as Amanda Wingfield
- Piper Laurie as Laura Wingfield
- George Grizzard as Tom Wingfield
- Pat Hingle as Jim O'Connor
- Dec xviii, 1975, to February 22, 1976, at the Circle in the Square Theatre
- Maureen Stapleton equally Amanda Wingfield
- Pamela Payton-Wright equally Laura Wingfield
- Rip Torn every bit Tom Wingfield
- Paul Rudd as Jim O'Connor
- December i, 1983, to Feb nineteen, 1984, at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre
- Jessica Tandy every bit Amanda Wingfield
- Amanda Plummer every bit Laura Wingfield
- Bruce Davison as Tom Wingfield
- John Heard as Jim O'Connor
- 1989 at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Ian Hastings
- Avril Elgar as Amanda Wingfield
- Geraldine Somerville as Laura Wingfield
- Linus Roache every bit Tom Wingfield
- November xv, 1994, to January ane, 1995, at Criterion Center Phase Correct
- Julie Harris as Amanda Wingfield
- Calista Flockhart played Laura in her Broadway debut. For her performance, Flockhart received a 1995 Clarence Derwent Award for Most Promising Actress.
- Željko Ivanek equally Tom Wingfield
- Kevin Kilner every bit Jim O'Connor (Drama Desk Award nomination, Outstanding Featured Histrion in a Play)
- March 22 to July 3, 2005, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre
- Jessica Lange as Amanda Wingfield
- Sarah Paulson every bit Laura Wingfield
- Christian Slater equally Tom Wingfield
- Josh Lucas every bit Jim O'Connor
- Apr 2008 at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Braham Murray
- Brenda Blethyn equally Amanda Wingfield
- Emma Hamilton as Laura Wingfield: she won a TMA Award for her performance
- Mark Arends every bit Tom Wingfield
- Off-Broadway at the Roundabout Theatre Company, March 24 to June thirteen, 2010,[17]
- Patch Darragh as Tom Wingfield
- Keira Keeley every bit Laura Wingfield
- Judith Ivey as Amanda Wingfield
- Michael Mosley equally Jim O'Connor
- 26 January to 29 April 2017, at the Duke of York's Theatre, London
- Ruby-red Jones equally Amanda Wingfield
- Kate O'Flynn equally Laura Wingfield
- Michael Esper equally Tom Wingfield
- Brian J. Smith as Jim O'Connor
- Feb seven to May 21, 2017 at the Belasco Theatre, Broadway[18] [19]
- Sally Field as Amanda Wingfield
- Madison Ferris every bit Laura Wingfield
- Joe Mantello as Tom Wingfield
- Finn Wittrock equally Jim O'Connor
- 2013 Broadway revival directed by John Tiffany.[20] [21] Previews began on September 5 and officially opened on September 26 at the Booth Theatre, closing on February 23, 2014, following an date at the American Repertory Theater.[22] This production received vii 2014 Tony Award nominations, including Best Revival of a Play, Best Functioning by an Actress in a Leading Function in a Play (Jones), All-time Performance past an Actor in a Featured Role in a Play (Smith), All-time Performance past an Actress in a Featured Role in a Play (Keenan-Bolger), All-time Scenic Design of a Play (Bob Crowley), Best Lighting Design of a Play (Natasha Katz) and Best Direction of a Play (John Tiffany).[23] and three Drama Desk Award nominations, including Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play (Smith), Outstanding Featured Extra in a Play (Keenan-Bolger), and Outstanding Music in a Play (Nico Muhly).[24]
- Ruby Jones as Amanda Wingfield
- Zachary Quinto as Tom Wingfield
- Celia Keenan-Bolger as Laura Wingfield
- Brian J. Smith equally Jim O'Connor
In 1997, Kiefer Sutherland returned to his theatrical roots, starring with his female parent, Canadian extra Shirley Douglas, in a Canadian production of The Glass Menagerie at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto.
In Oct 2016, it was announced that The Glass Menagerie would be returning to the West End, opening in Feb 2017 at the Duke of York's Theatre.[25]
In September 2021, it was appear that a new West Terminate production of the play would be opening in May 2022 at the Duke of York's Theatre and would star Amy Adams equally Amanda, alongside Paul Hilton, Tom Glynn-Carney, Lizzie Annis and Victor Alli.[26]
Awards [edit]
Original Broadway Production (1945) [edit]
| Twelvemonth | Award Ceremony | Category | Nominee | Event |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1945 | New York Drama Critic's Circle | Best American Play | Tennessee Williams | Won |
1994 Broadway Revival [edit]
| Twelvemonth | Honour Anniversary | Category | Nominee | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Clarence Derwent Honor | About Promising Female Performer | Calista Flockhart | Won |
| Drama Desk Award | Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play | Kevin Kilner | Nominated | |
| Theatre World Accolade | Calista Flockhart | Won | ||
| Kevin Kilner | Won | |||
2013 Broadway Revival [edit]
| Year | Award Ceremony | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | Drama Desk Accolade | Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play | Brian J. Smith | Nominated |
| Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play | Celia Keenan-Bolger | Won | ||
| Outstanding Music in a Play | Nico Muhly | Won | ||
| Drama League Award | Distinguished Revival of a Play | Won | ||
| Outer Critics Circle Award | Outstanding Revival of a Play | Won | ||
| Outstanding Actress in a Play | Crimson Jones | Won | ||
| Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play | Brian J. Smith | Won | ||
| Theatre Globe Laurels | Dorothy Loudon Accolade for Excellence in Theatre | Celia Keenan-Bolger | Won | |
| Tony Award | All-time Revival of a Play | Nominated | ||
| Best Actress in a Play | Cherry Jones | Nominated | ||
| All-time Featured Actor in a Play | Brian J. Smith | Nominated | ||
| All-time Featured Actress in a Play | Celia Keenan-Bolger | Nominated | ||
| Best Direction of a Play | John Tiffany | Nominated | ||
| Best Lighting Design of a Play | Natasha Katz | Won | ||
| Best Scenic Design of a Play | Bob Crowley | Nominated | ||
2017 Broadway Revival [edit]
| Year | Award Ceremony | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | Outer Critics Circle Laurels | Outstanding Actress in a Play | Sally Field | Nominated |
| Drama League Honour | Distinguished Performance | Nominated | ||
| Tony Honor | Best Actress in a Play | Nominated |
References [edit]
- ^ The Glass Menagerie, New Directions, reissued in 2011 with an Introduction past Tony Kusher, ISBN 978-0-8112-1894-8
- ^ "Past Awards, 1944-1945" Archived 2009-07-10 at the Wayback Machine New York Drama Critics' Circumvolve, accessed January 8, 2014
- ^ Saddik, Annette J. Glass Menagerie The Politics of Reputation: The Critical Reception of Tennessee Williams (books.google.com), Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Printing, 1999, ISBN 0838637728, p. 25
- ^ Lyle Leverich, "Tom: The Unknown Tennessee Williams", W. Due west. Norton & Company, Inc. (April one, 1997) ISBN 0-393-31663-7
- ^ Greenberg-Slovin, Naomi. "Notes from the Dramaturg". Plan to The Glass Menagerie. Everyman Theatre, Baltimore, 2013–xiv season.
- ^ a b "The Collected Stories of Tennessee Williams", New Directions, 1985, page 110, ISBN 978-0-8112-1269-4
- ^ Jones, Chris (2013). Bigger, brighter, louder : 150 years of Chicago theater as seen past Chicago Tribune critics. University of Chicago Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN9780226059266. OCLC 833574141.
- ^ " The Glass Menagerie, 1950" Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine tcm.com, accessed Jan 8, 2014
- ^ Crowther, Bosley. "Movie Review. 'The Glass Menagerie' (1950)" Archived 2017-03-18 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, September 29, 1950
- ^ Maslin, Janet. "Paul Newman Directs 'Drinking glass Menagerie'" Archived 2017-02-xi at the Wayback Motorcar The New York Times, Oct 23, 1987
- ^ IMDB – Here Without me "Inja bedoone human". 13 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-02-05 .
- ^ " 'The Glass Menagerie', 51-09-xvi, Plan # 80" Archived 2015-12-02 at the Wayback Automobile digitaldeliftp.com, accessed Jan 8, 2014
- ^ "Tennessee Williams: 'The Drinking glass Menagerie'. CBS Playhouse" archive.org, accessed January 8, 2014,
- ^ Allman, Kevin. "'Lost' version of The Glass Menagerie to screen on TCM Dec. eight". bestofneworleans.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
- ^ Gans, Andrew. "Harris and Harrison to Star in Guthrie 'Glass Menagerie'" Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Auto playbill.com, Dec xviii, 2006
- ^ "Theatricalia". Theatricalia . Retrieved May 7, 2022.
- ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Off-Broadway's Acclaimed Drinking glass Menagerie Will Sparkle for Two Extra Weeks" Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine playbill.com, March 29, 2010
- ^ "The Drinking glass Menagerie, with Joe Mantello and Sally Field, Opens March ix" Archived 2017-03-12 at the Wayback Car Playbill, March 9, 2017
- ^ Gans. Andrew. "Revival of 'The Glass Menagerie' Announces Broadway Closing Appointment" Archived 2017-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Playbill, May 9, 2017
- ^ Listing, 2013 Archived 2013-10-12 at the Wayback Machine Cyberspace Broadway Database
- ^ Gans, Andrew and Hetrick, Adam. "Broadway Revival of 'The Glass Menagerie', With Cherry Jones, Zachary Quinto and Celia Keenan-Bolger, Recoups" Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Motorcar playbill.com, January 7, 2014
- ^ Hetrick, Adam. "Striking Broadway Revival of 'The Glass Menagerie', With Carmine Jones, Zachary Quinto and Celia Keenan-Bolger, Concludes Feb. 23" Archived 2014-05-xix at the Wayback Car playbill.com, February 23, 2014
- ^ Gans, Andrew. 68th Annual Tony Awards Nominations Announced; Admirer's Guide Leads the Pack" Archived 2014-05-30 at the Wayback Machine playbill.com, April 29, 2014
- ^ Gans, Andrew. 2014 Annual "Drama Desk Awards Nominations Announced; 'Gentleman'due south Guide' Earns 12 Nominations" Archived 2014-07-18 at the Wayback Machine playbill.com, April 25, 2014
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-02-09 .
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link) - ^ "Amy Adams to make her Due west Cease debut in the Glass Menagerie". 13 September 2021.
External links [edit]
- The Glass Menagerie at the Net Broadway Database
- 1951 Theatre Order on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive
- Museum of the City of New York – Theater yet photos of the 1945 production of The Glass Menagerie
- Why Expressionism? "The Glass Menagerie": A Mutual Core Exemplar
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie
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